Section：Camellia
Conservation Status：
Remarks：This name is accepted
References：
Camellia japonica L. Sp. Pl.: 698 (1753) Accepted Name [PDF]
Camellia tsubakki Crantz Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 172 (1766) Heterotypic Synonym [PDF]
Camellia florida Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 370 (1796) Heterotypic Synonym
Thea camellia Hoffmanns. Verz. Pfl.-Kult.: 117 (1824) Heterotypic Synonym
Camellia imperialis Van Houtte Hort. Belge 1: 19 (1833) Heterotypic Synonym
80 show +
» Description
Camellia japonica L., Sp. Pl. 2:698 (1753). J. R. Sealy, Rev. Gen. Camellia 175-178 (1958). Chang Hung-ta, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni, monogr. ser. 1: 82 (1981). Chang Hung-ta and Bruce Bartholomew, Camellias, p.107 (1984).
PLANT: A shrub or small tree up to 9 metres high; twigs and young shoots pale grey, or yellowish, or brownish, quite glabrous; older branches pale grey, the bark splitting up and flaking off leaving a smooth surface. LEAF: stalked; blades broad elliptic to elliptic-oblong, mostly shortly and bluntly acuminate, base cuneate to broad cuneate, 5-10.5 cm long and 2.5-6 cm wide but mostly 6.5-8 cm long and 3-4 cm wide, denticulate or mostly crenulate-denticulate, rigidly coriaceous, glabrous, shining dark green above, pale green below and smooth between the veins except for scattered brown cork-warts over the whole surface, midrib raised and prominent below being yellower than the rest of the leaf, venation visible on both sides when dried; petioles stout, 8-15 mm long but mostly about 10 mm. FLOWER: perulate, terminal on shoots and branches, solitary or geminate. Perules usually persistent at anthesis and forming a cupular involucre 2-3 cm high, eventually deciduous; outermost perules lunate, about 1 mm high and 3 mm wide, squamiform, subglabrous to velutinous; succeeding perules gradually increasing in size to the innermost which are broadly oblong or oblong-ovate, 2-2.5 cm long, 2-1.6 cm wide, herbaceous, densely greyish- or white- (sometimes in dried specimens tawny-) velutinous or silky-pubescent outside but with a narrow membranous margin, velutinous on the face. Corolla 3-4.5 cm long, red, the 5 or 6 petals adnate to the androecium for 8-17 mm from the base or the outermost attached only at the base; free part of petals oblong-oval to broadly obovate or suborbicular, rounded and more or less deeply notched at the apex, 1.7-3.3 cm wide, firmly fleshy, the outer more or less densely velutinous or silky-puberulous outside and somewhat transitional between the perules and the inner petals, the latter being usually glabrous or velutinous only near the apex. Androecium 2.5-3.5 cm high, mostly about 3 cm, glabrous; outer filaments united for one-half to two-thirds their length from the base to form a wide fleshy tube, white; anthers yellow. Gynoecium up to about 3 cm. long, glabrous; ovary ovoid; style up to 2-7 cm long, divided for 5-6 mm at the apex into 3 arms. CAPSULE: sub-globose (broadly ellipsoid) or globose, 2-3.5 cm long, 2.2-3.2 cm in diameter, 2-3-locular, splitting into 2-3 valves, each loculus with 1 or 2 seeds; walls very thick, and woody when dried. Seeds rounded on the back and rounded flatfish or wedge-shaped in front with the angles blunt, 1.6-2 cm long, 1.2-1.7 cm wide, dull brown with darker mottling. HABITAT: Woodland; flowering chiefly in January and March but also in April and May. Fruit September to October. 2n = 30,45, 75. DISTRIBUTION: The native range of this species is China (Shandong, E. Zhejiang, Taiwan), Korea (Jeju-do), Central & S. Japan. It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in the subtropical biome. It is used as a medicine, has environmental uses and for food (edible oil).; Elevation: 0-1500 m.
Camellia japonica is known as common camellia, Japanese camellia, or tsubaki in Japanese, Shancha in Chinese, is one of the best known species of the genus Camellia. Sometimes called the rose of winter. The leaf of the Camellia japonica is rich in anti-inflammatory terpenoids such as lupeol and squalene. Its leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera, such as the engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia). The Japanese white eye bird (Zosterops japonica) pollinates Camellia japonica. It is grown as a garden plant throughout S China with many named cultivars. The early introduction of Camellia japonica cultivars into Europe in the 18th and early 19th century were mostly from China.
» Distribution
» Description
红山茶Camellia japonica Linn. Sp. Pl 2：698：1753. 张宏达，1981. 《山茶属植物的系统研究》第82页。【标本】四川：峨眉山，杨光辉53859；同地，四川大学s.n.；广东植物所269346 (以 上2个标本是野生的。）山东：崂山，焦启源2855 (野生）。江西：黎川，会仙峰，王名金2154 (野生）。广东：广州，张宏达6021；McClure 20846(均栽培）。广西：桂林，McClure 20608 (栽培）。福建：唐瑞荣s. n.中山大学标本号134714 (栽培）。日本：琉球，Nagomaclii Ins. Okinawa,T.Kanashiro s.n.中山大学标本号113169。【形态特征】叶椭圆形，长7-10厘米，侧脉6-8对，常稍突起，苞被片9-10片，野生种花瓣6-7片，浅红色，栽培种多重瓣，红色或白色，花丝有短管，子房无毛。蒴果3室，直径3-4厘米。上列四川及江西的标本均为野生种；具有单列的花瓣和完善的花丝管的雄蕊。
植株：灌木或小乔木，高达 9 米；小枝和嫩枝淡灰色，或淡黄色，或褐色，相当无毛；老枝淡灰色，树皮裂开剥落，表面光滑。叶：有柄；叶片宽椭圆形到椭圆状长圆形，多数短而钝渐尖，基部楔形到宽楔形，长 5-10.5 厘米，宽 2.5-6 厘米，但多数为 6. 5-8厘米长，3-4厘米宽，具小齿或多数具细圆齿，硬革质，无毛，上面深绿色发亮，下面淡绿色，脉间平滑，但整个表面有零星的褐色木栓疣，中脉隆起，下面突出，比叶片其他部分黄，干燥时两面可见脉纹；叶柄粗壮，长8-15毫米，但多数长约10毫米。花：有花被，顶生在嫩枝和分枝上，单生或两性。花被通常在花期宿存，形成杯状总苞，高 2-3 厘米，最终脱落；最外层的花被新月形，高约 1 毫米，宽约 3 毫米，鳞片状，近无毛或被短绒毛；随后的花被逐渐变大，最内层的花被宽长圆形或长圆状卵形，长 2-2. 5厘米长，2-1.6厘米宽，草质，外面密被灰白色或白色（有时在干燥的标本中为褐黄色）茸毛或绢状短柔毛，但有狭窄的膜质边缘，表面被茸毛。花冠长 3-4.5 厘米，红色，5 或 6 片花瓣贴生于雄蕊群，距基部 8-17 毫米，或者最外层的花瓣仅在基部着生；花瓣的离生部分长圆状椭圆形到宽倒卵形或近圆形，圆形，先端或多或少有深缺刻，宽 1. 花瓣宽 1.7-3.3 厘米，肉质结实，外部或多或少密被短绒毛或被绢状微波，在小花被和内部花瓣之间有些过渡，后者通常无毛或仅近先端处被短绒毛。雄蕊群高 2.5-3.5 厘米，多数约 3 厘米，无毛；外花丝从基部合生达其长度的二分之一到三分之二，形成宽的肉质筒，白色；花药黄色。雌蕊群长达约 3 厘米，无毛；子房卵球形；花柱长达 2-7 厘米，在先端 5-6 毫米处分成 3 个臂。蒴果：近球形（宽椭圆形）或球形，长 2-3.5 厘米，直径 2.2-3.2 厘米，2-3 室，裂成 2-3 裂爿，每室有 1 或 2 粒种子；壁很厚，干燥时木质。种子背面圆形，正面扁圆形或楔形，角钝，长1.6-2厘米，宽1.2-1.7厘米，暗褐色，有深色斑点。栖息地：林地；主要在二月和三月开花，四月和五月也开花。分布：从中国台湾省向北穿过琉球列岛，到达日本的九州、四国和本州三大岛及邻近的小岛。它还分布在韩国南部、日本和中国之间的岛屿以及中国东部沿海地区；海拔：0-1000 米。
» Distribution
Species in the Same Section: 白丝毛红山茶 Camellia albosericea Hung T.Chang、白灵山红山茶 Camellia bailinshanica Hung T.Chang、竹叶红山茶 Camellia bambusifolia Hung T.Chang、滇北红山茶 Camellia boreali-yunnanica Hung T.Chang、短蕊红山茶 Camellia brevigyna Hung T.Chang、短柄红山茶 Camellia brevipetiolata Hung T.Chang、杜鹃红山茶 Camellia azalea C. F. Wei、浙江红山茶 Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu、扁果红山茶 Camellia compressa Hung T. Chang、厚叶红山茶 Camellia crassissima Hung T.Chang & S.H.Shi、隐脉红山茶 Camellia cryptoneura Hung T. Chang、东南山茶 Camellia edithae Hance、香港红山茶 Camellia hongkongensis Seem.、雪椿 Camellia rusticana Honda、金沙江红山茶 Camellia jinshajiangica Hung T.Chang & S.L.Lee、石果红山茶 Camellia lapidea Y.C.Wu、连山红山茶 Camellia lienshanensis Hung T.Chang、长尾红山茶 Camellia longicaudata Hung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang、长蕊红山茶 Camellia longigyna Hung T.Chang、长管红山茶 Camellia longituba Hung T.Chang、闪光红山茶 Camellia lucidissima Hung T.Chang、龙胜红山茶 Camellia lungshenensis Hung T.Chang、大花红山茶 Camellia magniflora Hung T.Chang、大果红山茶 Camellia magnocarpa (S.Y.Hu & T.C.Huang) Hung T.Chang、毛蕊红山茶 Camellia mairei (H.Lév.) Melch.、莽山红山茶 Camellia mongshanica Hung T.Chang & C.S.Ye、寡脉红山茶 Camellia oligophlebia Hung T.Chang、峨眉红山茶 Camellia omeiensis Hung T.Chang、寡瓣红山茶 Camellia paucipetala Hung T.Chang、栓壳红山茶 Camellia phellocapsa Hung T.Chang & B.K.Lee、栓皮红山茶 Camellia phelloderma Hung T.Chang, H.S.Liu & Y.Z.Zhang、西南红山茶 Camellia pitardii Cohen-Stuart、窄叶西南红山茶 Camellia pitardii var. yunnanica Sealy、西南白山茶 Camellia pitardii var. alba Chang、多齿红山茶 Camellia polyodonta F.C.How ex Hu、滇山茶 Camellia reticulata Lindl.、怒江红山茶 Camellia saluenensis Stapf ex Bean、南山茶 Camellia semiserrata C.W.Chi、白花南山茶 Camellia semiserrata var. albiflora S.Y.Hu & T.C.Huang、粗毛红山茶 Camellia setiperulata Hung T. Chang & B. K. Li、斑枝红山茶 Camellia stictoclada Hung T. Chang、全缘红山茶 Camellia subintegra P.C.Huang、薄壳红山茶 Camellia tenuivalvis Hung T.Chang、毛籽红山茶 Camellia trichosperma Hung T.Chang、东安红山茶 Camellia tunganica Hung T.Chang & B.K.Lee、单体红山茶 Camellia uraku Kitam.、长毛红山茶 Camellia villosa Hung T. Chang et S. Y. Liang、息烽山茶 Camellia xifongensis Y.K.Li ex X.C.Chen & F.Z.Zheng、木果红山茶 Camellia xylocarpa (Hu) Hung T.Chang ex H.T.Chang & B.Bartholmew、滇南毛蕊山茶 Camellia mairei var. velutina Sealy、贵州红山茶 Camellia kweichowensis Hung T.Chang、白毛红山茶 Camellia albovillosa Hu ex Hung T. Chang、褪色红山茶 Camellia albescens Hung T.Chang、多萼红山茶 Camellia multiperulata Hung T.Chang、卵果红山茶 Camellia oviformis Hung T.Chang、石果山茶 Camellia mairei var. lapidea (Y.C.Wu) Sealy、隐脉西南山茶 Camellia pitardii var. cryptoneura (Hung T.Chang) T.L.Ming
